Intravascular fluid is whole blood volume and also includes red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. The first type is known as intravascular fluid that is found in the vascular system that consists of arteries, veins, and capillary networks. The body regulates sodium levels to control the movement of water into and out of the extracellular space due to osmosis.Įxtracellular fluids can be further broken down into various types. The most abundant electrolyte in extracellular fluid is sodium. In fact, intracellular fluid accounts for 60% of the volume of body fluids and 40% of a person’s total body weight! Įxtracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids found outside of cells. Intracellular fluids are crucial to the body’s functioning. The most abundant electrolyte in intracellular fluid is potassium. ![]() Intracellular fluids (ICF) are found inside cells and are made up of protein, water, electrolytes, and solutes. See Figure 15.1 for an illustration of intracellular and extracellular compartments.įigure 15.1 Intracellular and Extracellular Compartments Body fluids are found in two main areas of the body called intracellular and extracellular compartments. Body Fluidsīody fluids consist of water, electrolytes, blood plasma and component cells, proteins, and other soluble particles called solutes. A slight change in either direction can have significant consequences on various body systems. The body is in a constant state of change as fluids and electrolytes are shifted in and out of cells within the body in an attempt to maintain a nearly perfect balance. The physical barrier between the intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid is the cell plasma membrane, and the physical barrier between the interstitial fluid and plasma is the capillary endothelium.15.2 Basic Fluid and Electrolyte Conceptsīefore learning about how to care for patients with fluid and electrolyte imbalances, it is important to understand the physiological processes of the body’s regulatory mechanisms. These fluid compartments are emphasized by the gray background color. If we examine this figure carefully, and if we consider the functional interconnections of the fluid compartments, it becomes clear that there are three major fluid compartments: (1) intracellular fluid, (2) interstitial fluid, and (3) plasma. Transcellular fluid generally comprises up to about 2.5% of the total body water (or up to ~1 L). Cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid bathing the brain and the spinal cord), intraocular fluids (aqueous and vitreous humors), inner ear fluids (endolymph and perilymph), pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluids (in joints), as well as some other fluids are components of the transcellular fluid in the body. This fluid is generally separated from the plasma by an additional epithelial layer in addition to the capillary endothelium. Transcellular fluid is found in small amounts in different body regions and, in total, comprises a very small portion (though not unimportant) of the total body water. It is generally about 75% of the volume of ECF (or ~10.5 L). Interstitial fluid is the fluid that directly bathes the cells and tissues in the body. The extravascular compartment is further subdivided into two compartments: interstitial fluid and transcellular fluid. The volume of plasma is about 3 L and is generally about 25% of the volume of ECF. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood (i.e., whole blood minus the so-called formed elements red cells, white cells, and platelets). The fluid in the intravascular compartment is the fluid that is present in all of body blood vessels. These two compartments are separated by the capillary endothelium (lining of the walls of the capillaries). The extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is further subdivided into the intravascular compartment and the extravascular compartment. Approximately 33% of the total body fluid (or ~20% of total body weight) is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. The intracellular fluid is separated from the extracellular fluid by the cell plasma membrane. Therefore, the total volume of ICF is ~28 L (cytoplasmic volume of all cells combined). Approximately 67% of total body water (or ~40% of total body weight) is in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment, which is the fluid that is present in the cytoplasm of all cells of the body. If we use 70 kg (155 lb) to represent the average adult male, the total volume of water in the body can be calculated to be about 42 L. In a typical adult male human, approximately 60% of the total body weight is composed of water.
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